Biasing a mosfet

Yes, you are free to redesign all in the pink bubble. The only requirements are that I can turn the MOSFET fully ON using a varied Source Voltage between 0.6V to 5V. The MOSFET should be able to handle at least 2.5A running through it and the Rdson should be kept low (max 40mOhm for max 100mV drop @2.5A) to avoid heat and …

Biasing a mosfet. 12.6.2: Drain Feedback Bias; As the E-MOSFET operates only in the first quadrant, none of the biasing schemes used with JFETs will work with it. First, it should be noted that for large signal switching applications biasing is not much of an issue as we …

Measuring the Id dependence of the MOSFET by setting the Bulk to the lowest potential (-10V) and capture a I-V plot of Idrain vs. Vsource with different gate voltages. The Current is limited by the voltage source to 10mA protect the device in case of some pn junction shorting the device. The behavior for Vs<0V is what I didn't expect.

MOSFET provides very high input impedance and it is very easy to bias. So, for a linear small amplifier, MOSFET is an excellent choice. The linear amplification …Jun 8, 2018 · For small-signal mosfet work, the 2N7000 and BSS138 are good nmos choices. The BSS84 is a good small-signal P-mosfet. For a starter kit of jfets, my personal choice would be the 2N4091-2N4092 ... All device parameters (bias current, aspect ratios of MOSFET, etc.) of the OTA are directly influenced by its design specifications. The transistors lengths L are …Jan 3, 2020 · For the past week I tried finding examples of how to bias a common source configuration however, in almost every practice question I find they give you pretty much all the information such as ID, Kn, etc like here: I would think that designing an amplifier ID (Drain Current) would be a variable that you would need to find through your design spec. 2007-03-14 10:49 pm. #4. 2007-03-14 10:49 pm. #4. Hi, the consensus seems to be that the optimum bias setting found in BJT output stages does not exist for FET output stages. It appears that more is better. Borbely is more extreme than most and recommends a minimum of 500mA for a stage and >100mA for each FET pair.The DC biasing of this common source (CS) MOSFET amplifier circuit is virtually identical to the JFET amplifier. The MOSFET circuit is biased in class A mode by the voltage divider network formed by resistors R1 and R2. The AC input resistance is given as R IN = R G = 1MΩ. This project will examine the use of an FET current mirror, as discussed in Project 13, to provide the DC bias for a Common Source and a Common Drain amplifier.

Once properly biased, an AC signal is applied between gate and source, adding and subtracting from the DC bias. MOSFET amplifiers have 180-degree phase shift between input and output. This is just like we did with bipolar. Most notably, MOSFET amplifiers have extremely high input impedances. Frequently, this is way into the megohms of …In a BJT or MOSFET circuit we have this curve: What is that q-point? From my research I have the following information: The operating point of a device, also known as bias point or quiescent point (or simply Q-point), is the DC voltage and/or current which, when applied to a device, causes it to operate in a certain desired fashion.Delivering low gate charge and resistance for fast switching transistors. TI’s NexFET™ MOSFETs offer a wide range of N-channel and P-channel power modules and discrete power-supply solutions. Our highly-integrated MOSFETs support greater efficiencies, extended battery life, higher power density and higher frequencies for fast …N-channel MOSFET (enhancement type): (a) 0 V gate bias, (b) positive gate bias. A positive bias applied to the gate charges the capacitor (the gate). The gate atop the oxide takes on a positive charge from the gate bias battery. The P-type substrate below the gate takes on a negative charge. An inversion region with an excess of electrons forms ...That will also convey the voltage to the gate. However, it will create a low impedance for a signal that is applied to the gate, which will then just be RD R D ohms away from an AC ground at VDD V D D. We need a resistor to help maintain whatever input impedance is necessary at the gate. If you look at the DC picture, it goes something like this.Figure 12.6.1 12.6. 1: Voltage divider bias for E-MOSFET. The prototype for the voltage divider bias is shown in Figure 12.6.1 12.6. 1. In general, the layout it is the same as the voltage divider bias used with the DE-MOSFET. The resistors R1 R 1 and R2 R 2 set up the divider to establish the gate voltage.The DC biasing of this common source (CS) MOSFET amplifier circuit is virtually identical to the JFET amplifier. The MOSFET circuit is biased in class A mode by the voltage divider network formed by resistors . R1. and . R2. The AC input resistance is given as .

Jun 9, 2016 · The differential pair is all about balance. Thus, for optimal performance the resistors and MOSFETs must be matched. This means that the channel dimensions of both FETs must be the same and that R 1 must equal R 2. The resistance value chosen for the two resistors will be referred to as R D (for d rain resistance). transistor, JFET must be biased in such a way as to reverse-bias the pn-junction. With a insulated gate MOSFET device no such limitations apply so it is possible to bias the gate of a MOSFET in either polarity, positive (+ve) or negative (-ve).This makes the MOSFET device especially valuable as electronic switches or to make logic gates because ...The self bias and combination bias equations and plots from Chapter 10 may be used without modification. The DE-MOSFET also allows first quadrant operation …In the age of Facebook and Tweeting presidents, fake news is rife on the internet. Corporate ownership biases and party political corruption in the mainstream media and print news also divert attention from the truth. But a number of world ...Biasing MOSFET with Constant Current Source. In the course of researching tube amplifier designs, it seems like a common technique to bias a MOSFET in an output stage using an LM317 configured as a constant current source, such as is given in the schematic on this page. How does this method of biasing work?

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When a negative bias is applied to the drain terminal of the power MOSFET structure, the junction J 1 between the P-base region and the N-drift region becomes forward biased. Current flow between the drain and the source electrodes can now occur because the source electrode is also connected to the P-base region in the power MOSFET …A cascode biasing circuit is proposed which fixes the source voltage of the cascode transistor equal to the saturation voltage of the mirror transistor. The mirror can …Sulfur vacancies on quasi-freestanding MoS 2. (a) STM topography of point defects on a quasi-freestanding MoS 2. (b) d I / d V spectra recorded on a patch of quasi …Biasing of MOSFET. *N-channel enhancement mode MOSFET circuit shows the source terminal at ground potential and is common to both the input and output sides of the circuit. *The coupling capacitor acts as an open circuit to d.c. but it allows the signal voltage to be coupled to the gate of the MOSFET. As Ig = 0 in VG is given as, The self bias and combination bias equations and plots from Chapter 10 may be used without modification. The DE-MOSFET also allows first quadrant operation …

Shinde Biasing in MOS Amplifier Circuits 18 • An essential step in the design of a MOSFET amplifier circuit is the establishment of an appropriate dc operating point for the transistor. • This step is also known …Constant current sources and current sinks, (a current sink is the reverse of a current source) are a very simple way of forming biasing circuits or voltage references with a constant value of current, for example, 100uA, 1mA or 20mA using just a single FET and resistor. Constant current sources are commonly used in capacitor charging circuits ...MOSFET PMOS, the gate is biased with negative voltage and the drain is biased with negative voltage. Note that the source is always common to both the gate-to-source and collector-to-source terminals. (a) n-channel biasing configuration (b) p-channel biasing configuration Figure 5.8: Biasing configuration of an n-channel and a p-channel MOSFETAbstract. Short-channel effects are a series of phenomena that take place when the channel length of the MOSFET becomes approximately equal to the space charge regions of source and drain junctions with the substrate. They lead to a series of issues including polysilicon gate depletion effect , threshold voltage roll-off , drain-induced …12.6.2: Drain Feedback Bias; As the E-MOSFET operates only in the first quadrant, none of the biasing schemes used with JFETs will work with it. First, it should be noted that for large signal switching applications biasing is not much of an issue as we …It is easy to bias the MOSFET gate terminal for the polarities of either positive (+ve) or negative (-ve). If there is no bias at the gate terminal, then the MOSFET is generally in non-conducting state so that these MOSFETs are used to make switches and logic gates. Both the depletion and enhancement modes of MOSFETs are available in N-channel ...An excellent use for P-Channel is in a circuit where your load’s voltage is the same as your logic’s voltage levels. For example, if you’re trying to turn on a 5-volt relay with an Arduino. The current necessary for the relay coil is too high for an I/O pin, but the coil needs 5V to work. In this case, use a P-Channel MOSFET to turn the ... depleted SOI MOSFET (with a thick body) is known to have worse short-channel effects than bulk MOSFETs and partially depleted SOI MOSFETs[11]. To achieve good short channel control, Si must be smaller than the depletion width or junction depth of aT comparable bulk device with high channel doping. The leakage path in a UTB device isIn this video, the biasing of the Enhancement Type MOSFET is explained and the different biasing configurations like Fixed Bias, Voltage Divider Bias, Drain ... DC Biasing of MOSFET and Common-Source Amplification. Well, now it is the time to use a MOSFET as a linear Amplifier. It is not a tough job if we determine how to bias the MOSFET and use it in a perfect operation region. MOSFET work in three operation modes: Ohmic, Saturation and Pinch off point. The saturation region also called as …Biasing a MOSFET for linear operation only requires applying a fixed voltage to its gate via a resistor. The built-in self-regulating actions prevent MOSFETs from being affected by thermal runaway, but still needs some thermal protection (R6). MOSFETs do not require negative feedback to suppress low-frequency gain as is often required with ...

Shinde Biasing in MOS Amplifier Circuits 18 • An essential step in the design of a MOSFET amplifier circuit is the establishment of an appropriate dc operating point for the transistor. • This step is also known …

Inherently neither the MOSFET nor the IGBT requires nega- tive bias on the gate. Setting the gate voltage to zero at turn- off insures proper operation and ...Symbol Of MOSFET. In general, the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with a Drain (D), Source (S), gate (G) and a Body (B) / Substrate terminals. The body terminal will always be connected to the source terminal hence, the MOSFET will operate as a three-terminal device. In the below image, the symbol of N-Channel MOSFET is shown on the …1 MOSFET Device Physics and Operation 1.1 INTRODUCTION A field effect transistor (FET) operates as a conducting semiconductor channel with two ohmic contacts – the source and the drain – where the number of charge carriers in the channel is controlled by a third contact – the gate.In the vertical direction, the gate-In most power MOSFETs the N+ source and P-body junction are shorted through source metallization to avoid accidental turn-on of the parasitic bipolar transistor. When no bias is applied to the Gate, the Power MOSFET is capable of supporting a high Drain voltage through the reverse-biased P-body and N- Epi junction. In high voltage devices, most ...Biasing o single-gate MOS transistor The bias circuit for a single-gate MOS tran-sistor may take three forms, as shown in Fig. 3: (a) self-bias, (b) an external supply, or (e) a combination of the two. The design of a self-bias circuit is fairly straightforward. For ex-ample, if it is desired to operate a 3N128 MOS Jan 18, 2019 · DC Biasing of MOSFET and Common-Source Amplification. Well, now it is the time to use a MOSFET as a linear Amplifier. It is not a tough job if we determine how to bias the MOSFET and use it in a perfect operation region. MOSFET work in three operation modes: Ohmic, Saturation and Pinch off point. The saturation region also called as Linear Region. The DC biasing of this common source (CS) MOSFET amplifier circuit is virtually identical to the JFET amplifier. The MOSFET circuit is biased in class A mode by the voltage divider network formed by resistors R1 and R2. The AC input resistance is given as R IN = R G = 1MΩ. A MOSFET is a four-terminal device having source (S), gate (G), drain (D) and body (B) terminals. In general, The body of the MOSFET is in connection with the source terminal thus forming a three-terminal device such as a field-effect transistor. MOSFET is generally considered as a transistor and employed in both the analog and digital circuits.

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1. Biasing means you set up the operation point. Any amplifiers has different input and output impedances, gains, parasitics, etc. For a MOS transistor biasing means you set the gate-source voltage or the drain source current, since the device is a voltage controlled (VGS) current source (IDS). The two are strongly related by the MOS equations.Consider the four MOSFET Biasing Circuits shown in Fig. 10-49, and assume that each device has the transfer characteristics in Fig. 10­-50. In Fig. 10-49 (a) the gate-source bias voltage is zero, so, the bias line is drawn on the transfer characteristics at V GS = 0, as shown in Fig 10-50. The FET in Fig. 10-49 (b) has a positive gate-source ... In most power MOSFETs the N+ source and P-body junction are shorted through source metallization to avoid accidental turn-on of the parasitic bipolar transistor. When no bias is applied to the Gate, the Power MOSFET is capable of supporting a high Drain voltage through the reverse-biased P-body and N- Epi junction. In high voltage devices, most ...deliver single digit voltage gains. Even though calculating the gain for a MOSFET amplifier design is a well understood exercise, designing a MOSFET amplifier for a specified, moderately high gain at the outset is not. This is because the gain parameter of a MOSFET, its transconductance, is both a function of, and interacts with, its bias point.Jul 11, 2017 · 1. For example, for a microcontroller with 2 mA max continuous output pin current but 8 mA max surge current, you'd want to make sure you never pull more than 8 mA. To switch Vgs to 3.3V means you'd need a resistor of at least (3.3V / 0.008A) == 412.5 Ohms. Better kick it up to 470 to have some margin. In a BJT or MOSFET circuit we have this curve: What is that q-point? From my research I have the following information: The operating point of a device, also known as bias point or quiescent point (or simply Q-point), is the DC voltage and/or current which, when applied to a device, causes it to operate in a certain desired fashion.In today’s fast-paced digital world, it can be challenging to find reliable sources of news and information. With the rise of fake news and biased reporting, it is crucial to turn to trusted outlets for accurate and unbiased reporting.I see that there are multiple ways to bias a simple Common Source NMOS transistor but I want to understand about biasing using current source. I put up this circuit in SPICE: The above is simple Common Source Amplifier biased with help of current source without a constant gate voltage.MOSFETs, short for Metal Oxide Semiconductor FETs, have a similar source, gate, and drain, but instead of relying on a depletion zone in a reverse-biased diode, they have a thin layer of insulation.The Common Drain Amplifier has. 1) High Input Impedance. 2) Low Output Impedance. 3) Sub-unity voltage gain. Since the output at the source terminal is following the input signal, it is also known as Source Follower. Because of its low output impedance, it is used as a buffer for driving the low output impedance load.Power MOSFET Gate Driver Bias Optimization. Zachary Wellen, High Power Drivers. Gate drive voltage plays a significant role in the power dissipation of switch-mode converters …Nov 12, 2018 · Substrate biasing in PMOS biases the body of the transistor to a voltage higher than V dd; in NMOS, to a voltage lower than V ss. Since leakage currents are a function of device V th, substrate biasing-also known as back biasing-can reduce leakage power. With this advanced technique, the substrate or the appropriate well is biased to raise the ... ….

Measuring the Id dependence of the MOSFET by setting the Bulk to the lowest potential (-10V) and capture a I-V plot of Idrain vs. Vsource with different gate voltages. The Current is limited by the voltage source to 10mA protect the device in case of some pn junction shorting the device. The behavior for Vs<0V is what I didn't expect.The key in solving this is to bias one Mosfet properly such that you get a current source with known current Id. And lets say you also know the dimension of the MOSFET which is acting as the current …A cascode biasing circuit is proposed which fixes the source voltage of the cascode transistor equal to the saturation voltage of the mirror transistor. The mirror can …Explanation: To bias an e-MOSFET, we cannot use a self bias circuit because the gate to source voltage for such a circuit is zero. Thus, no channel is formed and without the channel, the MOSFET doesn’t work properly. If self bias circuit is used, then D-MOSFET can be operated in depletion mode. 6. Consider the following circuit.Cognitive biases often work against us but you can also use these mental frameworks in your favor. Here are seven biases I use to improve my life and money. Best Wallet Hacks by Jim Wang Updated February 6, 2023 Some links below are from ou...1,281. Activity points. 1,321. Hi people, I tried posting in the Analog Circuit Design but I got no replies. Anyways, I'm trying to design the output stage of a 1 Watt push pull amplifier using dual NPN RF MOSFET at 40MHz and a 24 Volt single supply. I'm not using any inductors or transformers. I'm not sure how to bias the MOSFET correctly.An common source mosfet amplifier is to be constructed using a n-channel eMOSFET which has a conduction parameter of 50mA/V 2 and a threshold voltage of 2.0 volts. If the supply voltage is +15 volts and the load resistor is 470 Ohms, calculate the values of the resistors required to bias the MOSFET amplifier at 1/3(V DD). Draw the circuit diagram. Figure 2-1 – Amplification in a MOSFET common-source configuration. (a) A small AC signal is superimposed on the DC gate bias, creating an AC drain current. (b) Same situation with a load-line superimposed on the output characteristic, showing how the AC drain current leads to an AC drain voltage and gain of gRmd. Biasing a mosfet, My setup with the sst215 controlling the current into the DUT via Vg. For characterization of the MOS behaviour the resistance of the DUT was 0 Ohms. Measuring the Id dependence of the MOSFET by setting the Bulk to the lowest potential (-10V) and capture a I-V plot of Idrain vs. Vsource with different gate voltages., It is easy to bias the MOSFET gate terminal for the polarities of either positive (+ve) or negative (-ve). If there is no bias at the gate terminal, then the MOSFET is generally in non-conducting state so that these MOSFETs are used to make switches and logic gates. Both the depletion and enhancement modes of MOSFETs are available in N-channel ..., The basic method of biasing is to make VGS=0 so ac voltage at gate changes the gate to source voltage over this zero voltage biasing point. Zero bais configuration …, Common Source MOSFET Amplifier Biasing. While reviewing simple transistor amplifier biasing techniques I came across this paragraph in Microelectronic Circuits by Sedra & Smith. Here too we show the i D – v G S characteristics for two devices that represent the extremes of a batch of MOSFETs. Superimposed on the device …, Having known this, let us now analyze the biasing conditions at which these regions are experienced for each kind of MOSFET. n-channel Enhancement-type MOSFET. Figure 1a shows the transfer characteristics (drain-to-source current I DS versus gate-to-source voltage V GS) of n-channel Enhancement-type MOSFETs., It is easy to bias the MOSFET gate terminal for the polarities of either positive (+ve) or negative (-ve). If there is no bias at the gate terminal, then the MOSFET is generally in non-conducting state so that these MOSFETs are used to make switches and logic gates. Both the depletion and enhancement modes of MOSFETs are available in N-channel ..., MOSFET In case of JFET, the gate must be reverse biased for proper operation of the device i.e. it can only have negative gate operation for n-channel and positive gate operation for p-channel. That means we can only decrease the width of the channel from its zero-bias size. This type of operation is known as depletion-mode …, To bias all the amplifiers with precise biasing voltage is another challenge. So, to overcome all these problems, in integrated circuits, one stable current source is fabricated within IC, and using the …, Fundamentals of MOSFET and IGBT Gate Driver Circuits The popularity and proliferation of MOSFET technology for digital and power applications is driven by two of their major advantages over the bipolar junction transistors. One of these benefits is the ease of use of the MOSFET devices in high frequency switching applications. , But the E-MOSFET cannot be biased with self-bias & zero bias. Voltage Divider Bias. The voltage divider bias for N channel E-MOSFET is shown below. Voltage divider bias is similar to the divider circuit using BJTs. In fact, the N-channel enhancement MOSFET needs the gate terminal which is higher than its source just like the NPN BJT needs a ..., Explanation: To bias an e-MOSFET, we cannot use a self bias circuit because the gate to source voltage for such a circuit is zero. Thus, no channel is formed and without the channel, the MOSFET doesn’t work properly. If self bias circuit is used, then D-MOSFET can be operated in depletion mode. , The Common Drain Amplifier has. 1) High Input Impedance. 2) Low Output Impedance. 3) Sub-unity voltage gain. Since the output at the source terminal is following the input signal, it is also known as Source Follower. Because of its low output impedance, it is used as a buffer for driving the low output impedance load., In today’s fast-paced digital world, it can be challenging to find reliable sources of news and information. With the rise of fake news and biased reporting, it is crucial to turn to trusted outlets for accurate and unbiased reporting., Once properly biased, an AC signal is applied between gate and source, adding and subtracting from the DC bias. MOSFET amplifiers have 180-degree phase shift between input and output. This is just like we did with bipolar. Most notably, MOSFET amplifiers have extremely high input impedances. Frequently, this is way into the megohms of …, Oct 24, 2019 · 3.Mr. A. B. Shinde MOSFETs 3 A metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS- FET, or MOS FET) is a field-effect transistor where the voltage determines the conductivity of the device. The ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. MOSFETs are now even more common than BJTs (bipolar junction ... , Sulfur vacancies on quasi-freestanding MoS 2. (a) STM topography of point defects on a quasi-freestanding MoS 2. (b) d I / d V spectra recorded on a patch of quasi …, Once properly biased, an AC signal is applied between gate and source, adding and subtracting from the DC bias. MOSFET amplifiers have 180-degree phase shift between input and output. This is just like we did with bipolar. Most notably, MOSFET amplifiers have extremely high input impedances. Frequently, this is way into the megohms of …, Figure 12.6.1 12.6. 1: Voltage divider bias for E-MOSFET. The prototype for the voltage divider bias is shown in Figure 12.6.1 12.6. 1. In general, the layout it is the same as the voltage divider bias used with the DE-MOSFET. The resistors R1 R 1 and R2 R 2 set up the divider to establish the gate voltage., depleted SOI MOSFET (with a thick body) is known to have worse short-channel effects than bulk MOSFETs and partially depleted SOI MOSFETs[11]. To achieve good short channel control, Si must be smaller than the depletion width or junction depth of aT comparable bulk device with high channel doping. The leakage path in a UTB device is, Explanation: To bias an e-MOSFET, we cannot use a self bias circuit because the gate to source voltage for such a circuit is zero. Thus, no channel is formed and without the channel, the MOSFET doesn’t work properly. If self bias circuit is used, then D-MOSFET can be operated in depletion mode. 6. Consider the following circuit., Effect of an applied bias. Other than the flat band in the MOS structure, as the d.c bias VG apply to the MOS-C devices. Three different types of biasing regions with different shape of both energy band and corresponding block charge diagram occur and they are showed in figure 3, 4, 5 and 6 below for n-type semiconductors., What does the term "bias" mean? (5 answers) Closed 9 years ago. What is the meaning of biasing in electrical/electronics circuits? What is the need for biasing in BJT/MOSFET? What will happen after biasing when we apply input signal (AC/DC)? Will biasing signal and input signal superimpose? mosfet bjt semiconductors bias Share Cite Follow, Enhancement MOSFETs (such as the VMOS and TMOS devices) must have positive gate-source bias voltages in the case of n-channel devices, and negative V GS levels for a p-channel FET. Thus, the gate bias circuit in Fig. 10-49 (b) and the voltage divider bias circuit in Fig. 10-49 (d) are suitable., Having known this, let us now analyze the biasing conditions at which these regions are experienced for each kind of MOSFET. n-channel Enhancement-type MOSFET. Figure 1a shows the transfer characteristics (drain-to-source current I DS versus gate-to-source voltage V GS) of n-channel Enhancement-type MOSFETs., Biasing in MOSFET Amplifiers. Biasing: Creating the circuit to establish the desired DC voltages and currents for the operation of the amplifier. Four common ways: Biasing …, Biasing of MOSFET. *N-channel enhancement mode MOSFET circuit shows the source terminal at ground potential and is common to both the input and output sides of the circuit. *The coupling capacitor acts as an open circuit to d.c. but it allows the signal voltage to be coupled to the gate of the MOSFET. As Ig = 0 in VG is given as, , The advantage of the voltage divider biasing network is that the MOSFET, or indeed a bipolar transistor, can be biased from a single DC supply. But first we need to …, That will also convey the voltage to the gate. However, it will create a low impedance for a signal that is applied to the gate, which will then just be RD R D ohms away from an AC ground at VDD V D D. We need a resistor to help maintain whatever input impedance is necessary at the gate. If you look at the DC picture, it goes something like this., An outlier causes the mean to have a higher or lower value biased in favor of the direction of the outlier. Outliers don’t fit the general trend of the data and are sometimes left out of the calculation of the mean to more accurately repres..., Power MOSFET Gate Driver Bias Optimization. Zachary Wellen, High Power Drivers. Gate drive voltage plays a significant role in the power dissipation of switch-mode converters …, bias resistance should have a central, nominal value of 100 Ω. The Clipping The Clipping Mechanism in Mosfet Mechanism in Mosfet AmplifiersAmplifiers The output voltage swing capability and resulting clip point is a result of different parameters than the V ce(sat) induced clipping that occurs in bipolar power amplifiers., Nov 6, 2021 · Measuring the Id dependence of the MOSFET by setting the Bulk to the lowest potential (-10V) and capture a I-V plot of Idrain vs. Vsource with different gate voltages. The Current is limited by the voltage source to 10mA protect the device in case of some pn junction shorting the device. The behavior for Vs<0V is what I didn't expect. , Mar 23, 2015 · Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have Meta Discuss the workings and policies of this site